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South Caucasus
Black Sea Security

1.6 Minutes
Black Sea Cover
© FNF South Caucasus

The Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom South Caucasus presents, a compelling analysis of Leonie Nienhaus and Marika Mikiashvili—fellows of the Black Sea Security Conference held in Sofia (November 2025) of one of Europe’s most strategically important regions: the Black Sea.

As geopolitical tensions reshape the European security landscape, the Black Sea is rapidly emerging as a critical frontier. This policy paper explores how the European Union is responding to these shifts, with a particular focus on its ambition to become a stronger and more credible security actor.

At the core of the analysis is the EU’s pursuit of strategic autonomy. The paper examines key initiatives such as the Readiness 2030 plan, designed to enhance defence preparedness, and evaluates the emerging Black Sea Security Strategy—highlighting both its promise and its limitations.

Recognising that modern security extends beyond military capabilities, the paper also addresses the growing impact of hybrid threats, including election interference and disinformation campaigns. Drawing on recent developments in Moldova, Romania, and Georgia, it underscores the urgency of strengthening democratic resilience.

Finally, the study highlights EU enlargement—particularly toward the Western Balkans and the Associated Trio (Georgia, Ukraine, and Moldova)—as a powerful geopolitical tool for promoting long-term stability across the wider Black Sea region.

Ultimately, the paper argues that for the European Union to be taken seriously as a security actor, it must turn ambition into action—demonstrating sustained political commitment and ensuring coherence across its security, defence, and enlargement policies.

The analysis reflects the state of affairs as of late 2025.

Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this publication are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom or its regional offices.

Authors: Leonie Nienhaus and Marika Mikiashvili